References for Discriminatory Algorithms and Cultural Complexities

Ada Lovelace Institute, Nuffield Foundation. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/

AI Now Institute, New York University. https://ainowinstitute.org/

Angwin, Julia, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu and Lauren Kirchner. (2016) “Machine Bias” ProPublica. May 23, 2016. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing

Art Selfie. Google Arts and Culture. https://artsandculture.google.com/camera/selfie

Barber, Gregory. (2019) “Artificial Intelligence Confronts a 'Reproducibility' Crisis” Wired, September 16, 2019. https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-confronts-reproducibility-crisis/

Boran, Marie. (2019) “‘Short window’ to stop AI taking control of society, warns ex-Google employee” The Irish Times, December 5, 2019.
https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/short-window-to-stop-ai-taking-control-of-society-warns-ex-google-employee-1.4104535?mode=amp

Campolo, A. and K. Crawford. (2020). Enchanted Determinism: Power without Responsibility in Artificial Intelligence. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society, 6, pp.1-19.
https://estsjournal.org/index.php/ests/article/view/277/205

Chen, Adrian. (2018) “The Google Arts & Culture App and the Rise of the ‘Coded Gaze’”. The New Yorker, January 26, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-google-arts-and-culture-app-and-the-rise-of-the-coded-gaze-doppelganger

Coudray, Nicolas, Paolo Santiago Ocampo, Theodore Sakellaropoulos, Navneet Narula, Matija Snuderl, David Fenyö, Andre L. Moreira, Narges Razavian,and Aristotelis Tsirigos. (2018) Classification and mutation prediction from non–small cell lung cancer histopathology images using deep learning. Nature Medicine 24, 1559–1567.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0177-5

Crawford, K. and Schultz, J., (2019) “AI Systems as State Actors” Columbia Law Review, 119 (7), pp.1941-1972. https://columbialawreview.org/content/ai-systems-as-state-actors/

Crawford, Kate, Roel Dobbe, Theodora Dryer, Genevieve Fried, Ben Green, Elizabeth Kaziunas, Amba Kak, Varoon Mathur, Erin McElroy, Andrea Nill Sánchez, Deborah Raji, Joy Lisi Rankin, Rashida Richardson, Jason Schultz, Sarah Myers West, and Meredith Whittaker. (2019) AI Now 2019 Report. New York: AI Now Institute, 2019, https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2019_Report.html

Delbert, Caroline. (2020). "An AI Algorithm Just Discovered Entirely New Antibiotics". Popular Mechanics, February 23, 2020. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a31049138/aialgorithm-antibiotics/

Diakopoulos, N. (2013). "Algorithmic accountability reporting: On the investigation of black boxes." A Tow/Knight Brief. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia Journalism School. Retrieved from http://towcenter.org/algorithmic-accountability-2/

Garbade, Michael J. (2018) "Clearing the Confusion: AI vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning Differences" Education Ecosystem, September 5, 2018. https://blog.education-ecosystem.com/ai-vs-machine-learning-vs-deep-learning-differences/

Gawronski, Quinn. (2019) "Racial bias found in widely used health care algorithm" NBC News, November 6, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/racial-bias-found-widely-used-health-care-algorithm-n1076436

Google Cloud Speech API: https://cloud.google.com/speech-to-text

Grush, Loren. "Google engineer apologizes after Photos app tags two black people as gorillas". The Verge, July 1, 2015. https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/1/8880363/google-apologizes-photos-app-tags-two-black-people-gorillas

Harwell, Drew. "A face-scanning algorithm increasingly decides whether you deserve the job." The Washington Post, November 6, 2019.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/10/22/ai-hiring-face-scanning-algorithm-increasingly-decides-whether-you-deserve-job/

Harwell, Drew and Carolyn Y. Johnson. (2018) "In our eyes, Google's software sees heart attack risk" The Washington Post, February 19, 2018.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/02/19/google-used-artificial-intelligence-to-predict-heart-attacks-with-the-human-eye/

HireVue. https://www.hirevue.com

Hutson, Matthew. (2018) "Artificial intelligence faces reproducibility crisis". Science, 16 Feb 2018: Vol. 359, Issue 6377, pp. 725-726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6377.725

Johnson, Carolyn. (2019) "Racial bias in a medical algorithm favors white patients over sicker black patients" The Washington Post, October 14, 2019.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/10/24/racial-bias-medical-algorithm-favors-white-patients-over-sicker-black-patients/

Kitchin, R. (2017) Thinking critically about and researching algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), pp.14-29. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154087

Mahdawi, Arwa. (2018) "Finding your museum doppleganger is fun but the science behind it is scary" The Guardian, January 16, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/16/find-your-art-doppelganger-facial-recognition-technology-frightening

Metz, Cade and Adam Satariano. (2020) "The Algorithm That Grants Freedom, or Takes It Away." New York Times. February 6, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/technology/predictive-algorithms-crime.html

O'Neil, Cathy. (2016) Weapons of Math Destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Broadway Books.
Obermeyer, Ziad, Brian Powers, Christine Vogeli, Sendhil Mullainathan. (2019) "Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations" Science. 25 Oct 2019: Vol. 366, Issue 6464, pp. 447-453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342

Oremus, William. (2016) "Who Controls Your Facebook Feed" Slate, January 3, 2016. http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/cover_story/2016/01/how_facebook_s_news_feed_algorithm_works.html

Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research.
https://www.cifar.ca/ai/pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy

"Pathologists meet their match in tumour-spotting algorithm" Nature, September 17, 2018.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06724-3

Rashida Richardson, ed., (2019) "Confronting Black Boxes: A Shadow Report of the New York City Automated Decision System Task Force," AI Now Institute, December 4, 2019. https://ainowinstitute.org/ads-shadowreport-2019.html

Rashida Richardson, Jason M. Schultz, & Vincent M. Southerland. (2019) "Litigating Algorithms 2019 US Report: New Challenges to Government Use of Algorithmic Decision Systems" AI Now Institute, September 2019. https://ainowinstitute.org/litigatingalgorithms-2019-us.html

"Rethinking Data Prospectus" (2019) Ada Lovelace Institute, Nuffield Foundation, London.
https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Rethinking-Data-Prospectus-Ada-Lovelace-Institute-January-2019.pdf

Richardson, Rashida and Schultz, Jason and Crawford, Kate. (2019) "Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice" (February 13, 2019). New York University Law Review Online (192). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3333423

Rose, Adam. (2010) "Are Face-Detection Cameras Racist?" Time Magazine, January 22, 2010.
http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1954643,00.html

Yang, Xinyue. "Scribbling Speech Concept Video" YouTube.com, July 27, 2018. https://youtu.be/RdM67iq3Y4Y

Shetty, Shravya. (2019) "A promising step forward for predicting lung cancer" Google Technology Blog, May 20, 2019. https://www.blog.google/technology/health/lung-cancer-prediction/

Shetty, Shravya and Daniel Tse. (2020) “Using AI to improve breast cancer screening” Google Technology Blog, January 1, 2020. https://blog.google/technology/health/improving-breast-cancer-screening

Slaughterbots. (2017) Film. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7659054/

STM. (2019) “Kargu -The Kamikaze Drones Getting Ready For The Swarm Operation” YouTube, July 17, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d28APIfwSI

Tech Insider. (2018) “This New Google App Finds Your Fine Art Doppelgänger.” YouTube.com, January 22, 2018. https://youtu.be/Wo89IMwoxUQ

VCV Digital Recruiter. https://vcv.ai/

West, S.M., Whittaker, M. and Crawford, K. (2019). Discriminating Systems: Gender, Race and Power in AI. AI Now Institute. Retrieved from https://ainowinstitute.org/discriminatingsystems.html

Whittaker, Meredith. (2020) “Facial Recognition Technology (Part III): Ensuring Commercial Transparency & Accuracy” January 15, 2020 Written Testimony of Meredith Whittaker Cofounder, AI Now Institute, New York University. Provided to the United States House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Reform. https://ainowinstitute.org/oversight-committee-testimony-whittaker.pdf

“You want AIs with that? McDonald’s buys into machine learning” (2019) BBC News, March 27, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47722259